Global Urban Farming in New Farms, Big Success: With Three Rock Star Farmers (2015)

New Farms, Big Success: With Three Rock Star Farmers (2015) takes a proposal approach to sustainable farming practices, this time with emphasis on farmers in the USA and Canada. Although the general overview of the problems associated with agribusiness is brief, each of three sections introduces solutions that address some of the same issues discussed in Voices of Transition. Environmentalist Bill McKibben establishes the film’s purpose: finding viable agricultural practices that address issues surrounding climate change. According to McKibben, climate change may have horrific effects on agriculture, depleting arable soil and discouraging biodiversity. New farming practices are necessary to combat these changes and address environmental disasters associated with agribusiness.

The first sequence highlights the work of Essex farmer Kristin Kimball, author of The Dirty Life. Her farm in Essex, New York stresses the kind of mixed farming approach discussed in Voices of Transition. Kristin raises grass-fed beef, pork, and chickens that provide fertilizer for 50-60 varieties of vegetables, fruits, and grains for bread. Her farm relies on solar energy and works toward economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Draft horses pull a cultivator from the 1930s, eliminating the need for coal or gasoline. By rotating her 500 acres of crops, Kristin solves problems such as potato beetle infestations. Only organic pesticides are used. Even chicken coops are moved every day to fertilize fields for hay. As the director of a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) cooperative, Kristin provides consumers with produce once a week instead of following what she calls “a drug dealer model” like that of agribusiness. She emits less carbon and produces better food. 

Les Jardins de la Grelinette farmer Jean-Martin Fortier, author of The Market Gardener moves Kristin’s CSA model to a small-scale organic farm right outside the city of St. Armand, Quebec, Canada. Like Kristin, Jean-Martin sells vegetables directly to consumers through CSA delivery. But he also grows and sells salad mix for local restaurants. Using only 1.5 acres of permanent raised beds, Jean-Marie grows 50 types of vegetables with help from only four full-time workers and two interns. His raised bed method requires no tractor. Soil is replenished with worms, toads, and compost, and crops are planted using a broad fork and deep rooting systems.  Planting requires a hand-pushed seeder, and insects are controlled with nets. Because the soil is covered most of the time, there is little fungus, and crop planning allows larger harvests and more closely spaced vegetables. Covering shades out weeds and keeps in moisture. After showing his rock star farming methods, Jean-Martin highlights how his approach addresses both agribusiness and climate change problems. Replacing mass production with production by the masses will allow farmers to make a living, he explains. His approach aligns with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moo’s arguments that biodiversity is needed to combat environmental consequences of climate change. A lack of bio-diversity may limit goods and services for the poor. Climate change has already negatively affected pollination by bats, birds, and bees and the richness of soils. Sustainable farming practices can help combat these problems.

The last segment highlights greenhouse manager Lauren Rathmell’s Lufa Farm in Montreal, Canada. In the farm’s urban greenhouses, Lauren and her crew grow a variety of hydroponic vegetables, including eggplant, peppers, cucumbers, and tomatoes, for basket subscription holders around the city. Here the CSA contents depend on customer orders, and boxes are delivered throughout Montreal. The sequence describes and illustrates the growing process in these rooftop greenhouses. Although not certified organic, the goal is a limited carbon footprint and an adherence to as many organic rules as possible. They combat insects with insects, for example, use butterflies to pollinate and reuse water through a fully closed loop system. They harvest rainwater to reduce water consumption, as well. But because vegetables are grown hydroponically, synthetic fertilizers must be used. With 5000 subscribers, Lufa Farm relies on fifty workers to produce enough vegetables to fill and deliver box orders. This last segment shows us an alternative perspective on urban farming that stresses mechanized sustainability with less emphasis on social and environmental development. It also links to a recent debate between traditional and hydroponic organic farming. According to Wilson Ring, some farmers argue the synthetic process hydroponic farming requires does not warrant an organic label. Hydroponic urban farming may also limit sustainability.

Global Urban Farming in the Documentary Voices of Transition

Most urban farming documentaries showcase sustainable practices that respond to this history, offering alternatives to toxic agri-business approaches. As a proposal argument, Voices of Transition establishes and provides evidence for problems associated with agribusiness and offers three viable “transition town” solutions in three countries that address each problem. With narration from experts such as environmental activist Dr. Vandana Shiva, the documentary highlights an agricultural history that promotes a mixed farming approach, with horses and oxen pulling plows and fertilizing soil simultaneously. The change from such self-sufficiency to a reliance on tractors and toxic chemical pesticides and fertilizers in the twentieth century is condemned as the cause of ruined lifeless soil and erosion. The introduction of GMO seeds that require pesticides and fertilizers further sickened crops and the people they feed. These problems are exacerbated by a lack of governmental oversight of the farming industry and its toxic emissions, since the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts do not apply to agricultural runoff or air pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides and fuel hungry tractors, cultivators, and other farm equipment. 

Individual examples from France, the UK, and Cuba address these problems. In France, farmers fight back against industrial agricultural practices that ignore environmental damage and discourage crop diversity. These farmers seek to sever the connection between food and oil and reinvigorate a farming system that encourages monoculture crops to attract European subsidies and produces astronomical amounts of water and air pollution. Because of pesticides, bees are dying and small animal populations are decreasing. Soil microbiology researchers Claude and Lydia Bourguignon assert, “By falling into the vicious circle of chemical fertilizers, we have killed our soils, made the plants ill, and taken the first steps on a straight course towards famine.” Farmers Bernard Forey and his son Oswaldo offer another way, a better way to farm that includes moving their three-hundred-acre farm toward organic, sustainable techniques encouraging biodiversity with varied crops and collective ownership, reintroducing soil-enriching plants and trees, and marketing their own produce.

The focus on agro-forestry—the planting of trees to replenish soil and fertilize plants—in this section of the documentary connects rural farming in France with inner-city agriculture. Scientists in both France and the UK suggest that twenty percent of land should be planted in trees to heal the earth and enrich the economy. A transition movement is offered up as a solution to toxic agri-business practices. With roots in the South of England, the movement supports local resilience, fair economics, and a better life for both humans and the natural world. Urban farming in the city of Totnes, in Devon, UK, provides an apt example of the movement’s goals where community members build and cultivate raised gardens, secure alternative energy supplies, and promote public housing and health services. The goal is to encourage people to work where they live, produce energy locally, secure funding in local banks, grow and share food, and highlight public transportation instead of cars. In transition town Bristol, white East African Mike Feingold raises bees, chickens, and apple trees to produce honey, vegetables, and cider for himself and his neighbors. Urban gardener Sally Jenkins inspires others to produce food in their own gardens, and community activist Chris Loughlin shares vegetable boxes cooperatively throughout the community. These new programs build on the values represented by the Bristol Community Gardens that encouraged poor industrial workers to grow their own food in the nineteenth century. By aligning with other communities, citizens of Bristol can lead interdependently self-sufficient lives. 

                               

The last segment of Voices of Transition reveals a city that transitioned from oil-based agribusiness to environmentally-friendly mixed farming systems: Havana, Cuba. The closed community of Havana produces seventy percent of the vegetables it needs, and many Cubans participate in urban organic and sustainable farming. In Havana, 150 workers provide food to the city’s residents by farming twenty-eight acres organically and co-operatively. These urban farmers stress biodiversity to stop pests and ensure that forty percent of the land lays fallow each year to enrich the soil and encourage a thriving biotic community. All three of these segments provide an optimistic view of farming by emphasizing viable solutions available through these “transition” approaches.  

The Machine in the Urban Garden?

Typically, films present the urban garden as a respite from the stress of the modern city, a garden in the machine like that espoused by Leo Marx. Leo Marx’s Machine in the Garden describes America as a lush, unexplored “garden” that is in a tumultuous relationship with the “machine,” or social and technological advancements throughout American history. The “machine” overwhelms the “garden” and attempts to cultivate raw resources for consumption. Marx’s thesis, therefore, is that the “machine” alters the landscape in order to make it fit current measures of productivity. Marx bases his argument on two different definitions of the pastoral, “one that is popular and sentimental, the other imaginative and complex” (5). The first, a sentimental type, is “an expression less of thought than of feeling” (5). According to Marx, “An obvious example is the current ‘flight from the city’” (5).

Urban parks and gardens may aid alcoholics, as in 28 Days (2000) and increase happiness, as in Enchanted (2007). In the Central Park musicals, Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967) and Enchanted, for example, characters enter gardens to promote traditional heterosexual relationships rather than ambitious female independence. New York City romantic comedies such as When Harry Met Sally (1989) and You’ve Got Mail (1998) show how love between heterosexual couples grows in the gardens of Central Park. Other romantic comedies, including New York City’s Green Card (1990) and Chicago’s Return to Me (2000), take a different approach to the garden, suggesting that romantic heroes Bronte (Andie MacDowell) and Grace (Minnie Driver) can only find love if they too leave the garden.

The dramas Being There (1979) and The Constant Gardener (2005) illustrate how gardens shape characters but also how gardeners Chance (Peter Sellers) and Justin (Ralph Fiennes) must leave their gardens behind to succeed. Set in Washington, D.C., Being There uses dark humor to critique the political process that leads Chance toward the Oval Office. Set in Kenya, The Constant Gardener showcases Justin’s attempts to solve a pharmaceutical mystery. In both films, gardens are a stone’s throw from mega-slums. Despite their differences, the garden and its urban setting are bifurcated in all these films, drawing on theories of the garden like that of Leo Marx.

Green Lungs: Partnering with Nature in the Urban Garden Film Part I

The popularity of Central Park may begin to demonstrate the transformative power of the natural world. It is not only the birds on display but also the park itself that feeds humanity’s love for the natural world. Parks and gardens also benefit humans, providing what Timothy Beatley calls biophilic urbanism. As Central Park’s architect Frederick Law Olmsted’s claimed, “It is a scientific fact that the occasional contemplation of natural scenes of an impressive character is favorable to the health and vigor of men.”Drawing on E. O. Wilson’s notion of biophilia, biologists Bjørn Grinde and Grete Grindal Patil assert, “Humans have an inherent inclination to affiliate with Nature [and] an affection for plants and other living things.” 

This affiliation with the natural world provides “social, psychological, pedagogical, and other benefits,” according to Beatley (211), even in urban areas. Beatley asserts “the nature present in dense, compact cities (such as a rooftop garden, an empty lot, a planted median) … can have restorative benefits” (212). These benefits come to life in documentary and feature films with gardens and parks at their center.

Most films illustrating biophilic urbanism focus on how nature improves human wellbeing. For example, documentaries exploring Central Park primarily highlight how well the park serves its human visitors. Frederick Wiseman’s Central Park(1990) takes a direct cinema approach to the park to reveal how well the park fulfills Olmsted’s mission to bring the benefits of country estates to the masses. As L.A. Times critic Robert Koeller suggests, Central Park“is a fine medium for understanding New York itself, how it needs the park and how the park means different things to different people.” The park benefits people of all races, classes, genders, and sexualities, but nonhuman nature is barely mentioned in the documentary. The Olmsted Legacy: America’s Urban Parks(2011) draws on voiceover and archival photographs and footage to illustrate the scope of Olmsted’s mission to democratize urban parks and improve humanity’s vigor.